ABSTRACT
The present study was designed to investigate the pharmacokinetics and tissue distributions of veratric acid following intravenous administration in rats. The concentrations of veratric acid in rat plasma at various times after administrated at doses of 2.5, 5, and 10 mg·kg(-1) were quantified by HPLC. The tissue distributions of veratric acid at various times after a single intravenous dose of 2.5 mg·kg(-1) were also analyzed. The plasma pharmacokinetic parameters at the three doses were as follows: t(1/2), (86.23 ± 6.83), (72.66 ± 4.10) and (71.20 ± 2.90) min; C0, (11.10 ± 1.47), (23.67 ± 1.24) and (39.17 ± 3.90) μg·mL(-1); and AUC(0→∞), (1 240.90 ± 129.14), (2 273.84 ± 132.47) and (3 516.4 ± 403.37) min·μg·mL(-1), respectively. The compound was distributed into tissues rapidly and extensively after intravenous administration and was mainly distributed into the liver, heart and kidneys.
Subject(s)
Animals , Administration, Intravenous , Kidney , Metabolism , Liver , Metabolism , Myocardium , Metabolism , Plant Extracts , Metabolism , Pharmacokinetics , Ranunculaceae , Chemistry , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Tissue Distribution , Vanillic Acid , Metabolism , PharmacokineticsABSTRACT
AIM@#To study the absorption properties and mechanism of two important components, trolline and veratric acid, from the flowers of Trollius chinensis, in order to better understand the contribution of these two compounds to the effectiveness of these flowers.@*METHOD@#The human Caco-2 cell monolayer model was employed to study the transport of trolline and veratric acid from apical side (AP) to basal side (BL), and from BL to AP by determining the transport rates as the function of time and concentration and calculating apparent permeability coefficients (Papp).@*RESULTS@#Trolline and veratric acid were transported across Caco-2 cell monolayer through different mechanisms in a concentration dependent manner. Trolline was transported at a Papp level of 10(-6) cm·s(-1) with a Papp AP→BL/Papp BL→AP ratio of more than 1.8 or less than 0.8, while veratric acid was transported at a Papp level of 10(-5)cm·s(-1) with a Papp AP→BL/Papp BL→AP ratio of close to 1.0.@*CONCLUSION@#Trolline is moderately absorbed through an associative mechanism involving active and passive transport, and veratric acid is well-absorbed mainly through passive diffusion. These factors should be taken into account when chemically assessing the pharmacodynamic material basis of the flowers of T. chinensis.
Subject(s)
Humans , Alkaloids , Metabolism , Pharmacology , Anti-Infective Agents , Metabolism , Pharmacology , Anti-Inflammatory Agents , Metabolism , Pharmacology , Biological Transport , Caco-2 Cells , Flowers , Chemistry , Intestinal Absorption , Plant Extracts , Metabolism , Pharmacology , Ranunculaceae , Chemistry , Vanillic Acid , Metabolism , PharmacologyABSTRACT
AIM@#To provide a comprehensive procedure to evaluate the contribution of the floral parts to the yield of the major components from the flowers of Trollius chinensis, to underlay the selective breeding, cultivation, development, and utilization of the flowers.@*METHODS@#Five floral parts from eleven batches of the flowers of T. chinensis were examined by HPLC analysis for the content of orientin and vitexin, and by gravimetric analysis for their respective mass fraction. The contribution of each floral part was calculated using mathematical methods based on the results of the content and mass fraction. Variance analysis was carried out by Kruskal-Wallis H test and PCA method.@*RESULTS@#The calculated mean contributions of calyx, corolla, stamens and pistils, stalk, and ovary to the yield of both orientin and vitexin were 76.99% and 71.93%, 9.60% and 8.33%, 9.21% and 8.10%, 2.17% and 6.62%, and 2.03% and 5.02%, respectively.@*CONCLUSION@#The floral parts contribute unequally to the yield of orientin and vitexin, and the calyx contributes the highest and makes a significant difference compared with any other part.
Subject(s)
Apigenin , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Flavonoids , Flowers , Chemistry , Glucosides , Ranunculaceae , ChemistryABSTRACT
Salidroside, one of the active components of Rhodiola plants, is a phenolic glycoside with significant biological activities. The investigation and development of alternative production approaches of salidroside is of high academic and application values due to the limited resource of Rhodiola plants, and from which the low yield of salidroside. This review summarized the research progress and perspective of the alternative production approaches of salidroside including both chemosynthetic and biosynthetic methods and pathways.